Analysis

Firstly we will define our method signature. It’s fairly simple as it’s described in the problem, the input is a String and the output is a list of Strings

ArrayList<String> getCombinations(String characters);

While this sort of problem seems trivial at first, trying to describe an algorithm is not. When designing an algorithm like this it is very useful to look at some example input/output and look for patterns. Let’s first try sorting the output by the length of the string, we’ll use the example “abcd”.

a   ab   abc   abcd
b   ac   abd
c   ad   acd
d   bc   bcd
    bd
    cd

No real pattern that would indicate a suitable algorithm seems to emerge from this, now let’s try ordering it by the character the sequence begins with.

a      b     c    d
ab     bc    cd
ac     bd
ad     bcd
abc
acd
abd
abcd

Now we’re getting somewhere, if you look closely at the above you’ll notice a pattern. Starting from the right (d), the column to the left (c) contains the all combinations on the right plus the empty set with c added the start. This pattern follows with b and c, we add b to all items to the right (c, cd, d) and add b itself.

d row = d
c row = c+{}, c+d
      = c, cd
b row = b+{}, b+d, b+c, b+cd
      = b, bd, bc, bcd
c row = a+{}, a+d, a+c, a+cd, a+b, a+bc, a+bd, a+bcd
      = a, ad, ac, acd, ab, abc, abd, abcd

This indicates a potential algorithm that will solve the problem.

Pseudocode

Given the analysis above, we can come up with a recursive algorithm that will solve the problem.

function getCombinations (string text)
  define results as string[]
  foreach char c in text
    foreach string r in results
      add c + r to results
    add c to results
  return results

Complexity

While determining the complexity of a function like the above may seem intimidating, you can take a different approach to it and look at it in terms of the output. Looking at the function, it is apparent that no additional work in done in each for loop other than generating the strings. Therefore the time and space complexity should be in the order of the number of combinations produced, namely O(2^n) as our algorithm produces exactly 2^n - 1 combinations.

Code

public static ArrayList<String> getCombinations(String text) {
    ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
    for (int i = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
        // Record size as the list will change
        int resultsLength = results.size();
        for (int j = 0; j < resultsLength; j++) {
            results.add(text.charAt(i) + results.get(j));
        }
        results.add(Character.toString(text.charAt(i)));
    }
    return results;
}

function getAllCombinationsOfASet(text) {
  var results = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
    // Record size as the list will change
    var resultsLength = results.length;
    for (var j = 0; j < resultsLength; j++) {
      results.push(text[i] + results[j]);
    }
    results.push(text[i]);
  }
  return results;
}

Textbooks

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